Thank hike from my blog and passing friends! Long time! Thank
thank you look me! Wish you cheerful always!
2006/23/10 Monday
morrow to study Lesson 14 wolves and deer, is the ecological balance?
to comprehend what the ecological balance, we must first know the creatures in the ecosystem, along to the course they obtain energy tin be divided into producers,shanghai massage, consumers and decomposers: and often engaged in the ecosystem energy flow and stuff prevalence.
in the ecosystem, producers mainly refers to green plants, they use stems and leaves absorb carbon dioxide in air, soil at basis uptake of water and minerals, and a certain temperature in the sun Next, the inorganic substances into starch, protein, fat and vitamins and other alphabetical stuff. through photosynthesis into solar energy into chemical energy, not only for their own growth and evolution needs, and for other organisms and humans cater edible and energy.
consumers refers to animals such as horses, cattle, sheep, foxes, wolves, lions, tigers, etc., they can not directly use solar energy to organic matter into inorganic materials, only to plants and other animals for food. the consumer, notwithstanding not the aboriginal organic matter producers, but in the consumer body, but also the process of organic reproduction. Therefore, consumers in the ecosystem material and energy transition process, is also an major chapter.
decomposition is a decomposition of assorted micro-organisms . they are capable to break down vegetation and animal residues into simpler compounds and elements returned to nature, re-use for the plant. decomposition in the decomposition of plants and animals,shanghai escort, yet also derive the energy of their own needs.
biological metabolism , growth and reproduction necessitate energy. all biological needs are derived from solar energy. producers (mainly plants) to occupy the solar energy into chemical energy and stored in organic matter (such as glucose) molecules. this chemical can form by the food chain of ecosystems in all appearances of order flow. favor energy, like matter is through the producers (plants), consumers (animals),shenzhen escort, decomposers (microbes) in turn formed into the ecosystem, from organic inorganic mm, and finally returned to nature, constitute a material cycle. In nature, anybody of an ecosystem are constantly engaged in the energy flow and nutrient cycling.
the so-called ecological equilibrium,toronto escorts, that namely, a time of time, the producer, consumer and decomposition of those who have retained a balance among the state, that namely,even apt penetrate Shun Kouwen the sentence, the system vigor flow and nutrient cycling in a long time apt remain settled, this state is shrieked the ecological balance.
course, this balance is dynamic, not static. the interior components of the ecosystem alteration or the unreasonable interference of external elements, will be an shock on the ecosystem, causing changes in the system. However, the ecosystem has a self-regulating capacity, when this change is not meaningful, the energy of the system flow and material cycles can still be behind to natural, so the balance is comparative, short-lived, and not total. Once the interference of external factors over this to destruction. For example, deforestation and tending must be combined in mandate to maintain the balance of forest ecological surroundings; the additional hand, would demolish the ecological balance, not only the decline in forest quality, forest animals, the survival of microorganisms in taint types also changes will also affect the feature of forest ecosystems, resulting in bare ground, soil erosion, overflow and other calamity.
an eco-system producers, consumers and decomposers in maintaining the ecological balance of the process, has its special status and character. between the various components are interrelated, mutual restraint, interdependent, and if artificially so that the ecological system of a species evaporate, or the introduction of a species will affect the entire balance of the ecosystem. For example, Australian mainland in the long process of evolution, developed its own ecosystem, the British introduced European rabbits in the 40's, the results propagating disaster, very serious damage to grassland, when the Australians are often terrified almost rabbits.
When the eco-system is in balance, is most profitable to the flow of energy and material wheel. to maintain balance in the longer term, this system ambition be up to the species, biological volume is too the largest. a intricate ecological system is marred , it must be quite a long time to regain. For instance, when the discharge of sewage to the creeks and oceans because a little while, the water can be discharged into the consume microorganisms break down into simpler compounds or chemical elements, to make the water clean and restore. Once discharged into the sewage More than microbial decomposition, water quality ambition deteriorate smelly, fish and shrimp will grow well, serious alternatively even be poisoned. So always people activities must be conducted in agreement with ecological laws can no violate the objective law.
Thursday, May 5, 2011
we tin still apparently feel for whether rooted in the genes namely the pursuance of stimulation
Rise of Great Powers
Most historians deem that: before and later 1500 was an momentous watershed in people history, from that period began, person history tin be shrieked a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, people living in solitude from each additional merely on detach pieces of land, a continent namely not one can know accurate, what namely the Earth circular alternatively square, and about each piece of land people calculate they live in the world Center.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven ocean voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal dictator. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese The figure faded in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa continued business dealings with the mainland, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans of the world, known to three continents mm Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings, and other places are not open muddle.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, Europe described by drawing a few people like landmass is growing embryo, gradually shaped by the dim group evolved into what we know today looks clearly visible.
It is from that time along, together fragmented world began , caused along the geographical finding of national rivalry amid assorted cultures opened common ties look, but likewise the history of fighting opposition each other and the big shade.
Amazingly, open the big curtain that history of mankind not at the economic and cultural center of Europe, but in continental Europe occupies a small area southwest corner of the country's two mm, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
So, what forces to conquer the Iberian peninsula, a small ocean, and then prevail the world more than a century it?
caption of this collection: the first incident of marine Times < br> conquer was conquered from the opening. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula,beijing escort, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and the Moors conquest. matador as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped the fight with the invaders, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, like venture pride.
long two thousand years, tears, anguish and mash eventually paid out for the riches of emancipation.
AD 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being , and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH W
12 and the characteristics of 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the potentate of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, the support of his vassals, and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national ownership sense, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of space for development, resources are very scarce, the Asian neighbors of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, after independence After the Kingdom of Portugal, after two centuries, it is still dangerous, precarious.
the first to establish whether the nation-state can final? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation ? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called ; five hundred anniversary of the death of building, the monument's front reads: Under the mastery of Enrique, Portugal started to conquer the sea journey.
Enrique was born in 1394, King Joao I of Portugal's third son.
then Europe is out from the ignorance of the Middle Ages , began in earnest in the Italian Renaissance, such as spark a prairie fire step by step, scientific and cultural minds that point to light the skies of Europe.
just 12 years old when the Prince Enrique, 1406, a dusty a thousand two hundred years of book publication, has led to a revolution in geographical knowledge and notions, which is the books of ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy mm Chairman Jordan disbursement. Magellan
this paperback and many of the works of Greece, like other savants, at the time was forgotten. Meanwhile, in Asia, this writing has not been forgotten. and in Western Europe until 1406 before in Italy is concerned, from the late 15th century began to be printed and issued, before they get spread more warmhearted.
While watching today, Ptolemy world map drawn many peccadilloes, such as Africa and Antarctica are closely interlocked, with the exception of Europe Asia, outside of Africa, the world is an endless ocean, plants and beasts to survive without the equator, etc., but at the time, it is illusory than those of travel fables and hearsay, still provide many more reliable geographic message.
Ptolemy narrated the world really is like this? Atlantic really can not sail it? colossal question brand plagued the European continent, but also a flaming addiction with geography and navigation strategies in Prince Enrique.
At the same time , a sudden big changes in his history another moved the front of Portugal, leveraging the protagonist of history is that these seem unremarkable today, pepper.
Today, it is difficult to understand even the Europeans themselves, their Why are spices so dependent on dads!
interview: Spain International Institute for Strategic Studies Research Fellow Royal Carlos. Mara Mulder
at the time, 14,15 century, means of edible preservation is dependent on spices, because There was no fridge. So the Europeans are pressing for the needs of spices, spice costs in the European market also reached an unprecedented elevation.
However, the advantageous spice trade, first monopolized by Arabsalabo traders, then, trade routes has been suddenly blocking the rise of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The European rush to bail out, if it is the divine religion, or secular business, are hoping to find strong measures to reverse this location. in the land after the failure of a military discovery, anxious Europeans began to quest a path out to the sea.
Europeans how to be successful then?
Sagres, Portugal, the southern peak of a small fishing village, until today, there are still quite bleak.
chronicle under the Portuguese records, the 15th century, under the auspices of the Prince Enrique, where the history of mankind has been established the first citizen sailing educate, there have been built for the marine observatory and a library, this lighthouse was built in the 15th century ,since March 11, after almost six years of wind, frost, snow and rain, is still proudly stands.
interview: Professor of Religious Studies Natalie Portugal. Kelei Ya. Gede Si
According to historical records at that time, especially biography Writers Fernandez. Lopez's record, Don. Henrique Prince is a very serious, crucial, he is very remove what he needs, good with eminent staff around him to get along.
we do not know appear to face Enrique old-fashioned because of the prince with ingenious and tolerant, or as inclusive and has the creative. Italians, Arabs, Jews, Moors, of different races and even different beliefs, specialists and scholars gathered at his mandate. They Improved Chinese compass, the only corner with a traditional European sailing boats, converted into two or three with a multi-masted fast spinnaker sailing, it is these more than 20 meters long and 60-80 tons of massive dhows the final success of the Portuguese explorers want; they also built a council composed of mathematicians, the numbers, astronomy, the methodology used in navigation, so that the journey was a real science.
Interview: History of Portugal by Sarah Watts
JH scientists found the first sailing as a national procedure in Portugal, is a national procedure, a program hosted by a prince. This makes the Portuguese merchant marine discovery unlike those behaved for the trade the isolation of adventure, but a maneuvered two years, systematic union of missions and strategies.
through twenty years of exploration of the theory and train, the incipient riddle, fearsome Atlantic gradually revealed some regularity. Finally off the Portuguese south.
guests each visit to Portugal, Rocca angle is the unavoidable choice, this is Europe's > just entering the autumn, the chilly air has been blowing visitors can not play based on!
thousands of years, extending from sea water this stone is like a alone old man, but to keep looking at the tempestuous Atlantic, reserve looking at the European incubus. until the 16th century, Portugal's greatest poet ever Kameng Si in the fighting in the sea created the epic voyage, the fulcrum of the New World.
AD 1443, under the command of the Prince Enrique, from the angle of departure of the Portuguese navigator Rocca cross the West African coast Bohaduoer angle. Prior to this, here is the end of the known world.
for this One day, the prince and his fleet Enrique has been fighting for 21 years.
mixed with the Chinese fleet of Zheng He's compared to the Portuguese sailing two or 3 small, but, with the adventurous ecology of wealth desire and a strong religious fervor, the Portuguese finally broke through the medieval European marine sector in the psychological and physiological limits.
interview: Louis Vice Chancellor, University of Porto, Portugal. Adam. tat. Fonseca
with overseas expansion to continue to advance, more and more people reach the sea, so the formation of the waters, and now they found that the large navy bigger than they dream, it is also the south, west, amplifying indefinitely.
with the Portuguese along the west coast of Africa all the way south, a steady stream of gold, ivory , and the influx of African pepper, Lisbon, Portugal's treasury full.
Fortunately, with excellent fanfare in the Portuguese marine explore and benefit from nearly a century, other portions of Europe, the Middle Ages are still closed in the infighting :
England and France have not formed a unified nation-state, wars among the nobility;
German land hundreds of nations large and small, distant quondam during the aggression of the game;
Italian city-states are Enjoy the traditional trade will bring a wonderful time last;
Spain and Portugal's neighbors are still fighting for the recovery of land.
to 1460, painted by the Portuguese west coast of Africa on the map has reached 4,000 kilometers . In that year,shanghai massage, Enrique died, the never married, 45 years in Sagres ascetic saint's side returned to their parents.
Although Enrique lives have never personally out to sea, is worthy of the Enrique's death 27 years later, the heiress to the Portuguese seafaring King João II, continue to mail Dias rate three sailing south according the Atlantic Ocean.
6 months after the voyage, the fleet suffered a infrequent sudden storm In compelled by the tempest, passively drifting southeast, after 13 days and nights, Dias ordered the fleet turned northwardly, this time, he unexpectedly found: fleet has been nigh the southernmost tip of Africa. To commemorate the Nine Lives of legendary, Dias to the Cape labeled Portuguese will be able to reach the imagine of the Orient. trade routes will open up, meaning that wealth will presently main the spice trade in the hands of Portugal.
However, at this time, the Portuguese encountered a formidable antagonist, and that Spain had just unified neighbors. So, what the Spanish and Portuguese will be competitive with it?
Granada in Spain today, the most Islamic-style metropolis, Islamic structure of the prestigious Alhambra Palace, after infantry bombard several laborious centuries, still artistic and dignified.
hundred years ago, Spain combat for the final recovery of discipline here to .1490 in the spring, led by Spain's Queen Isabel Granada, among by thousands of troops .
Interview: Spanish military historian Julio. penaranda. Alwar
the reconstruction of the Kingdom of Spain, largely thanks to recover lost ground in the war, the war lasted a full eight centenary. to the 15th centenary, the Kingdom is still in the Granada Muslims below the rule of the Moors.
inverse in Granada this stone chateau, the Queen Isabel to personally administer actions. The queen normally a white, every day To change raiment quadruple a bath, loveliness, European royal family has been extraordinary. But she made the vow under the weight: not capture Granada never took off his shirt.
1492 年 1 2 March, the legion violently in Spain attack, the Moors relinquish the city to concession. by the time the war came to an end the eight century. Isabel Granada kissed the Queen of the land, with her husband, King Ferdinand went into Alhambra Palace.
and to consensus has just been completed in Spain when the history of Spain sent a golden opportunity.
with the Queen to enter the ranks of Granada, there is a wait for the Queen summoned the Genoese, he is then were moving the world The Christopher Columbus..
was yet widely spread from the round earth theory, the Columbus had an idea, that is: towards the west can reach the East. Columbus believed that his plan will soon be sailing Europeans to the east, but in the before six years, Columbus has been subjected to cold in Portugal.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez.
Meli, vice premier of multi-Ferdinand. Ah Ligo. Gouy Calvo João II, Alan Ge
Columbus did not adopt the proposal because of Portugal's maritime tactics is over the Cape of Good Hope, through Africa and then east to seek new routes to reach Asia, and accordingly and India trade.
Portugal navigation knowledgeable experts say: sailing west to reach east of the tangible distance, ambition far exceed the prediction of Columbus. but it is the right to magistrate the Portuguese experts, so that the detriment of a kingdom of Portugal historic opportunity.
1492 年 1 month, just finished Queen Isabel reunification Columbus summoned the third time.
Portugal depend on the quick rise of sea power, jealous of the whole of Europe was dog dine dog, but the monetary, stuff and The absence of eligible workers of all kings, aristocrats, business people flinched. intent Queen Isabel the time in 23 years to establish a unified Spain, and now she began to browse the Spanish common sponsor ocean.
Interview: Ancient Spain Fe Juarez. Meli multi Professor Sonia. Arda. Messias
knitted country only have ample strength and resolve, to finance such a great voyage of Columbus, which was fully demonstrated Europe's strength and resolve of feudal power.
Columbus and the Spanish royal family for three months negotiations.
family was connate in Columbus, napkin merchants, from small business to monasteries bargaining action in the eight years of sailing experience and Portugal gave him a reason to cultivate the price label, Columbus confidently ample to fight for their rights.
the Queen does not believe that people with a common amuse to sit down and discuss the delivery of what is bad.
Interview: Spanish Speaker Distance Education University instructor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
for the colonial occupation, though done by the browser, but its bottom is a compact with the royal family and the treaty, which seemed to take the lead in the choir is As lead musician, received by the explorers to colonize the colonies, but the colony's sovereignty belongs to the royal family still.
1492 年 4 17, the two sides signed the approval, the state will end with the navigator's desire to combine together. < br> Columbus, was appointed commander in central were found, can be found in anything from one-tenth of the wealth and merchandise unless special exemption; for the future of this earthly vessel leap for Columbus to dictate one-eighth of its profit. < br> 8 3 May, the Navy awarded the Grand Marshal of the Queen with the meeting of state, Columbus on deck, on the Queen to his three sailing funded the sailing orders issued.
west. then west. sailboat into the heart of the Atlantic.
mandate to depress the troop to leave the land too far because of the panic generated, Columbus secretly modified the meter tools, journal reporting of some of sailing miles. but even so, two months after nought of the fleet went to the brim of collapse remains.
10 10 May, anxiety and anger of the crew said it will continue westbound revolt. heated argue, the Columbus proposals: longer follow the three days, three days afterward to see if it but not the land, the fleet to return.
Interview: Spanish National Distance Education University professor Carlos Speaker. Martinez. Xiao
no doubt he is very sage to do so, because just three days after the rebel, He was disapproved to the mast the mariners shouted: land, is situated in North USA today, the Bahamas, from that day, together fragmented world began.
Although Columbus died thought he reached India, but the fact is nor he arrived in China, but also not India, but Europeans have never known a piece of the New World.
because of misjudgment of Columbus, the indigenous people have a piece of land that they have nothing to do with the name of mm Indians, even today, We also feel as though they were distant relatives in Asia.
off in Columbus this year, the male produced the earliest world, in this world, this situation belongs to the American continent or an sea.
Spain succeeded in the news shocked the whole of Europe. mm10 day 12, was later appointed as the National Day of Spain.
very lukewarm welcoming observance, the Queen Isabel promised Columbus fulfilled all of the material and spiritual awards, Columbus in June were circled by Indians, holding the avenues of chromatic parrots.
triumph, but is not the first to see Columbus Queen Isabel of Spain, but Columbus was rejected King Joao II of Portugal, Columbus was returning First to reach Lisbon, João II, interviewed him specifically.
of uncertainty and a bowl of João II of dry beans used, so that Columbus brought the Indians put on the chart looks like the New World. The game was the geographical so that he secretly wringing: bordering to the maritime powers were before the discovery of who has the right to do future world?
Interview: Sarah Portuguese historian JH
by tile in that era, on the theory that the sea, the sea is not open, people think that the discoverer of the sea belong to it, no mistrust, the Portuguese base it.
after nearly a year of negotiations, June 7, 1494, under the auspices of the Pope in Rome, Lisbon, Portugal and Spain on the suburb of the town signed the treaty: to draw a line in the earth, and then, like the Earth as a melon Chessie two and a half. Portugal took the east, Spain to clutch in the weapon of the Americas.
drawn from this was paintings point of outlook, the bargaining process is intense, but in truth, exactly calculations and does not make many sense, because both the Portuguese or Spanish, and the European continent than just have a mini morsel of contact, no one know exactly how much the planet.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda. Munoz
this charter in Western Civilization significance of the resulting established the precedent of the colonial powers sculptured up, a trend that later culminated in the Treaty of Berlin, the European countries will sit together around the world are all known and nameless place to be assigned to fashion the model of the world situation today . we can say that the global expansion began in the Western world began to the charter.
rules of the game has been developed, the next thing is to see who was faster deed.
1498 年 5 months, after 4 years of decease in the face, Portuguese navigators reached. Gama led the fleet finally arrived at Calicut in India in Hong Kong, which is seventy years ago, Zheng He, the kingdom of heaven is an ideal place to exhibit.
different and Zheng, Portugal man this brings not merely a friendly saluting, when the Indians asked the purpose of their appearance, the tat. gamma very succinctly replied: almost a century of difficult reconnaissance, the appetite Enrique Prince finally become a reality, the European sailors decades of amassed wisdom and spunk to start into a dazzling wealth.
the face of the success of the Portuguese in the East, Spain again departure.
1519 年 9 20 March, variant snub by the Portuguese navigator Magellan, with five ships and 265 crew members, the first time in human history began sailing around the Earth.
This is undoubtedly an epoch-making feat, its meaning can even leave the Earth to the moon and human than, the difference is when American astronaut Neil. Armstrong carefully taken that tread, he knew that at fewest seven hundred million around the world people are applause for him.
but 450 years ago, Magellan was not so lucky. in the day and night through 1080, 17,000 km scope, the September 5, 1521, in this noble church, around the Earth 18 survivors lit candles hand engine, in this epic voyage of the great chant warriors died, including their captain was annihilated Magellan in the Philippines.
18 盏 candlelight is so feeble, but it is light The process of human civilization is,guangzhou escort!
now displayed in front of Western Europeans, is not a 15 min of a hemisphere, but the whole planet.
earth pivoted, cartographers working hard day and night, still can not satisfy people's claim for modification of the map, the map is not colored in when watery and was cleared, opened up new routes Voyager became the shackles in Europe to control the world.
onslaught in the gunboats , a strategic point of traffic by sea have become a foregone conclusion and Portugal, from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean is the use of more than 50 places, half a world monopoly of the Portuguese magnate paths. In the early 16th century the premier 5 years, Portuguese spice trading volume additional quickly from 220,000 pounds to 230 pounds, became the dominant power in maritime trade.
harvest and Portugal in the East compared to Spain's looting of the American continent more straight.
According to statistics, from 1502 to 1660, Spain from the Americas by 18,600 tons and 200 tons of silver, up up gold, to the late 16th century, the world's gold making, 83% of Spanish personalty.
the expansion period with the Europeans accompanied, whatsoever, are the two important centers of civilization of American Elegy. to 1570, the war came the massacres and epidemics in Europe, so that the population in Mexico fell from 25 million to 265 million, Peru's population from 9,000,000 down to 1,300,000 . America's Native Indians since the drastic cutback in 90%.
Interview: New University of Lisbon, Portugal Professor Antonio. Manuel. España. Osiris door
when Portugal and Spain When the royal household together, that is, Philip I of Portugal or Spain during the dynasty of Philip II, Philip said to the Kingdom of the sun not land, because the territory of the King of Portugal and Spain to approach the whole world, from Mexico to the Philippines, China, India and Africa.
in Europe,beijing massage, the Spanish rule nearly half of the Catholic world; in Asia, it conquered the Philippines; and appearance of the Americas besides Brazil, owned by Spain. Portuguese colonies throughout Africa, Brazil and Central Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean isle routes.
Iberian Peninsula created a fictitious miracle, this marvel will not do, like fairy tales, see the first but not the tail, foggy precarious, do come and gone?
This is the only Madrid a square named after country, the pride of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes mm monument stands impressively in the middle of Cervantes reached each human to touch could not help but want to ride Shou Made Church. Don Quixote and Sancho followed by domestics.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots fair Sepulveda.
Munoz Cervantes has published many books during his lifetime, his plays were also popular works, but he lived a destitute old old, life, he knew celebrity who did not give him enough funding life, so that When he died is still very penniless.
Cervantes's fate reflects the subtle rise and fall of the Iberian Peninsula.
royalty and the powerful support of religious fanaticism, the Iberian eastern peninsula vanquished the sea, way to the world. However, the influx of wealth, favor the tides, almost always accustomed to assist the religious beliefs of the colonist expansion of the combat, but not really permit for the development of industrial and commercial prosperity of the country up . powerful nobles absence to watch the development of commerce and manufacture led to the heave of fashionable forces, they even preposterous to put tens of thousands of aliens engaged in affair, away from their own land was.
Interview: Spain Speaker National University of Distance Education Professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
Spain getting used to it, do not invest their own industries, and turned to buying valuable goods abroad, over time, keen fall in domestic industry, meantime the money has depreciated sharply , people are still addicted to expense.
Interview: sometime Chairman of the Portuguese maritime Jordan King Memorial. Magellan
we know thatan creation is probable to alteration because there is no ability to make know the colonial expansion of Portugal and Spain arose in this duration is the ebb because they can not make a alteration.
Rocca angle of the sun slowly sets, and this is the last clue of sunshine Europe.
to 16 half of the century, once had innumerable gold and silver and very powerful state machine of the Iberian Peninsula, the rendition in the world to start the curtain call. water in general and the influx of wealth flow out like water, in counting to elegance social trends, the industry did not leave a decent, mediocre people did not even get decent food, clothes, shelter,.
maybe, indulge in the medieval church brave dreams. Quixote does not understand death, and his shield is a cover of the old world, stabbing his lance is a new world, the end can only be repeated frustration and failure!
history of the world's first drama on the stage ended tragically. The next a, which will be a country, dressing the new world Rays debut to execute it?
】 【Order】
most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in the history of mankind, Since then, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, human beings live in isolation from each other but on separate pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly , whether the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the center of the world.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa and the continent continues to the business dealings, but the coverage of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans, the world's three continents mm known in Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings Other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, European drawings were described by several large land like a growing embryo, and gradually by the fuzzy lumps, evolved into today are familiar with the outward of clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, fragmented world started together, caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, each looking in the meantime fighting against each other and the history of the big screen.
Amazingly, open the shutter of this history of mankind, not while the economic and cultural megalopolis of Europe, but occupies a continent in the southwest corner of the two areas do not mm colossal nation, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred annuals antecedent, they have convert the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
So, what forces to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in a small marine and thus dominate the world more than a century it?
the set Title: Episode Marine Times
conquered conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and Moorish conquest. matador, as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped with the intruder struggle, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuance of stimulation, adventurous pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice in exchange for valuable free once and for all .
the year 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the retrieval of territory in the war came into being, and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH
12 watts and traits 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, his minister are supported and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national sense of belonging, but to accomplish prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, fewer than a million square kilometers of the development of space, resources are very scanty, the east adjoin of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, the independent Kingdom of Portugal after the experience of two centuries later, remains a dangerous, risky.
the lead in establishing the How can the nation-state for how long? powerful kingdom will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation? have been people living close the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called Atlantic.
the ship's monument, in 1960 the Portuguese Government to commemorate the The Way of the British ...
Most historians deem that: before and later 1500 was an momentous watershed in people history, from that period began, person history tin be shrieked a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, people living in solitude from each additional merely on detach pieces of land, a continent namely not one can know accurate, what namely the Earth circular alternatively square, and about each piece of land people calculate they live in the world Center.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven ocean voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal dictator. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese The figure faded in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa continued business dealings with the mainland, but the scope of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans of the world, known to three continents mm Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings, and other places are not open muddle.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, Europe described by drawing a few people like landmass is growing embryo, gradually shaped by the dim group evolved into what we know today looks clearly visible.
It is from that time along, together fragmented world began , caused along the geographical finding of national rivalry amid assorted cultures opened common ties look, but likewise the history of fighting opposition each other and the big shade.
Amazingly, open the big curtain that history of mankind not at the economic and cultural center of Europe, but in continental Europe occupies a small area southwest corner of the country's two mm, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred years ago, they have become the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
So, what forces to conquer the Iberian peninsula, a small ocean, and then prevail the world more than a century it?
caption of this collection: the first incident of marine Times < br> conquer was conquered from the opening. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula,beijing escort, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and the Moors conquest. matador as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped the fight with the invaders, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuit of stimulation, like venture pride.
long two thousand years, tears, anguish and mash eventually paid out for the riches of emancipation.
AD 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the recovery of territory in the war came into being , and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH W
12 and the characteristics of 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the potentate of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, the support of his vassals, and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national ownership sense, but to achieve prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, less than a million square kilometers of space for development, resources are very scarce, the Asian neighbors of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, after independence After the Kingdom of Portugal, after two centuries, it is still dangerous, precarious.
the first to establish whether the nation-state can final? powerful monarchy will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation ? have been people living near the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called ; five hundred anniversary of the death of building, the monument's front reads: Under the mastery of Enrique, Portugal started to conquer the sea journey.
Enrique was born in 1394, King Joao I of Portugal's third son.
then Europe is out from the ignorance of the Middle Ages , began in earnest in the Italian Renaissance, such as spark a prairie fire step by step, scientific and cultural minds that point to light the skies of Europe.
just 12 years old when the Prince Enrique, 1406, a dusty a thousand two hundred years of book publication, has led to a revolution in geographical knowledge and notions, which is the books of ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy mm Chairman Jordan disbursement. Magellan
this paperback and many of the works of Greece, like other savants, at the time was forgotten. Meanwhile, in Asia, this writing has not been forgotten. and in Western Europe until 1406 before in Italy is concerned, from the late 15th century began to be printed and issued, before they get spread more warmhearted.
While watching today, Ptolemy world map drawn many peccadilloes, such as Africa and Antarctica are closely interlocked, with the exception of Europe Asia, outside of Africa, the world is an endless ocean, plants and beasts to survive without the equator, etc., but at the time, it is illusory than those of travel fables and hearsay, still provide many more reliable geographic message.
Ptolemy narrated the world really is like this? Atlantic really can not sail it? colossal question brand plagued the European continent, but also a flaming addiction with geography and navigation strategies in Prince Enrique.
At the same time , a sudden big changes in his history another moved the front of Portugal, leveraging the protagonist of history is that these seem unremarkable today, pepper.
Today, it is difficult to understand even the Europeans themselves, their Why are spices so dependent on dads!
interview: Spain International Institute for Strategic Studies Research Fellow Royal Carlos. Mara Mulder
at the time, 14,15 century, means of edible preservation is dependent on spices, because There was no fridge. So the Europeans are pressing for the needs of spices, spice costs in the European market also reached an unprecedented elevation.
However, the advantageous spice trade, first monopolized by Arabsalabo traders, then, trade routes has been suddenly blocking the rise of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The European rush to bail out, if it is the divine religion, or secular business, are hoping to find strong measures to reverse this location. in the land after the failure of a military discovery, anxious Europeans began to quest a path out to the sea.
Europeans how to be successful then?
Sagres, Portugal, the southern peak of a small fishing village, until today, there are still quite bleak.
chronicle under the Portuguese records, the 15th century, under the auspices of the Prince Enrique, where the history of mankind has been established the first citizen sailing educate, there have been built for the marine observatory and a library, this lighthouse was built in the 15th century ,since March 11, after almost six years of wind, frost, snow and rain, is still proudly stands.
interview: Professor of Religious Studies Natalie Portugal. Kelei Ya. Gede Si
According to historical records at that time, especially biography Writers Fernandez. Lopez's record, Don. Henrique Prince is a very serious, crucial, he is very remove what he needs, good with eminent staff around him to get along.
we do not know appear to face Enrique old-fashioned because of the prince with ingenious and tolerant, or as inclusive and has the creative. Italians, Arabs, Jews, Moors, of different races and even different beliefs, specialists and scholars gathered at his mandate. They Improved Chinese compass, the only corner with a traditional European sailing boats, converted into two or three with a multi-masted fast spinnaker sailing, it is these more than 20 meters long and 60-80 tons of massive dhows the final success of the Portuguese explorers want; they also built a council composed of mathematicians, the numbers, astronomy, the methodology used in navigation, so that the journey was a real science.
Interview: History of Portugal by Sarah Watts
JH scientists found the first sailing as a national procedure in Portugal, is a national procedure, a program hosted by a prince. This makes the Portuguese merchant marine discovery unlike those behaved for the trade the isolation of adventure, but a maneuvered two years, systematic union of missions and strategies.
through twenty years of exploration of the theory and train, the incipient riddle, fearsome Atlantic gradually revealed some regularity. Finally off the Portuguese south.
guests each visit to Portugal, Rocca angle is the unavoidable choice, this is Europe's > just entering the autumn, the chilly air has been blowing visitors can not play based on!
thousands of years, extending from sea water this stone is like a alone old man, but to keep looking at the tempestuous Atlantic, reserve looking at the European incubus. until the 16th century, Portugal's greatest poet ever Kameng Si in the fighting in the sea created the epic voyage, the fulcrum of the New World.
AD 1443, under the command of the Prince Enrique, from the angle of departure of the Portuguese navigator Rocca cross the West African coast Bohaduoer angle. Prior to this, here is the end of the known world.
for this One day, the prince and his fleet Enrique has been fighting for 21 years.
mixed with the Chinese fleet of Zheng He's compared to the Portuguese sailing two or 3 small, but, with the adventurous ecology of wealth desire and a strong religious fervor, the Portuguese finally broke through the medieval European marine sector in the psychological and physiological limits.
interview: Louis Vice Chancellor, University of Porto, Portugal. Adam. tat. Fonseca
with overseas expansion to continue to advance, more and more people reach the sea, so the formation of the waters, and now they found that the large navy bigger than they dream, it is also the south, west, amplifying indefinitely.
with the Portuguese along the west coast of Africa all the way south, a steady stream of gold, ivory , and the influx of African pepper, Lisbon, Portugal's treasury full.
Fortunately, with excellent fanfare in the Portuguese marine explore and benefit from nearly a century, other portions of Europe, the Middle Ages are still closed in the infighting :
England and France have not formed a unified nation-state, wars among the nobility;
German land hundreds of nations large and small, distant quondam during the aggression of the game;
Italian city-states are Enjoy the traditional trade will bring a wonderful time last;
Spain and Portugal's neighbors are still fighting for the recovery of land.
to 1460, painted by the Portuguese west coast of Africa on the map has reached 4,000 kilometers . In that year,shanghai massage, Enrique died, the never married, 45 years in Sagres ascetic saint's side returned to their parents.
Although Enrique lives have never personally out to sea, is worthy of the Enrique's death 27 years later, the heiress to the Portuguese seafaring King João II, continue to mail Dias rate three sailing south according the Atlantic Ocean.
6 months after the voyage, the fleet suffered a infrequent sudden storm In compelled by the tempest, passively drifting southeast, after 13 days and nights, Dias ordered the fleet turned northwardly, this time, he unexpectedly found: fleet has been nigh the southernmost tip of Africa. To commemorate the Nine Lives of legendary, Dias to the Cape labeled Portuguese will be able to reach the imagine of the Orient. trade routes will open up, meaning that wealth will presently main the spice trade in the hands of Portugal.
However, at this time, the Portuguese encountered a formidable antagonist, and that Spain had just unified neighbors. So, what the Spanish and Portuguese will be competitive with it?
Granada in Spain today, the most Islamic-style metropolis, Islamic structure of the prestigious Alhambra Palace, after infantry bombard several laborious centuries, still artistic and dignified.
hundred years ago, Spain combat for the final recovery of discipline here to .1490 in the spring, led by Spain's Queen Isabel Granada, among by thousands of troops .
Interview: Spanish military historian Julio. penaranda. Alwar
the reconstruction of the Kingdom of Spain, largely thanks to recover lost ground in the war, the war lasted a full eight centenary. to the 15th centenary, the Kingdom is still in the Granada Muslims below the rule of the Moors.
inverse in Granada this stone chateau, the Queen Isabel to personally administer actions. The queen normally a white, every day To change raiment quadruple a bath, loveliness, European royal family has been extraordinary. But she made the vow under the weight: not capture Granada never took off his shirt.
1492 年 1 2 March, the legion violently in Spain attack, the Moors relinquish the city to concession. by the time the war came to an end the eight century. Isabel Granada kissed the Queen of the land, with her husband, King Ferdinand went into Alhambra Palace.
and to consensus has just been completed in Spain when the history of Spain sent a golden opportunity.
with the Queen to enter the ranks of Granada, there is a wait for the Queen summoned the Genoese, he is then were moving the world The Christopher Columbus..
was yet widely spread from the round earth theory, the Columbus had an idea, that is: towards the west can reach the East. Columbus believed that his plan will soon be sailing Europeans to the east, but in the before six years, Columbus has been subjected to cold in Portugal.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez.
Meli, vice premier of multi-Ferdinand. Ah Ligo. Gouy Calvo João II, Alan Ge
Columbus did not adopt the proposal because of Portugal's maritime tactics is over the Cape of Good Hope, through Africa and then east to seek new routes to reach Asia, and accordingly and India trade.
Portugal navigation knowledgeable experts say: sailing west to reach east of the tangible distance, ambition far exceed the prediction of Columbus. but it is the right to magistrate the Portuguese experts, so that the detriment of a kingdom of Portugal historic opportunity.
1492 年 1 month, just finished Queen Isabel reunification Columbus summoned the third time.
Portugal depend on the quick rise of sea power, jealous of the whole of Europe was dog dine dog, but the monetary, stuff and The absence of eligible workers of all kings, aristocrats, business people flinched. intent Queen Isabel the time in 23 years to establish a unified Spain, and now she began to browse the Spanish common sponsor ocean.
Interview: Ancient Spain Fe Juarez. Meli multi Professor Sonia. Arda. Messias
knitted country only have ample strength and resolve, to finance such a great voyage of Columbus, which was fully demonstrated Europe's strength and resolve of feudal power.
Columbus and the Spanish royal family for three months negotiations.
family was connate in Columbus, napkin merchants, from small business to monasteries bargaining action in the eight years of sailing experience and Portugal gave him a reason to cultivate the price label, Columbus confidently ample to fight for their rights.
the Queen does not believe that people with a common amuse to sit down and discuss the delivery of what is bad.
Interview: Spanish Speaker Distance Education University instructor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
for the colonial occupation, though done by the browser, but its bottom is a compact with the royal family and the treaty, which seemed to take the lead in the choir is As lead musician, received by the explorers to colonize the colonies, but the colony's sovereignty belongs to the royal family still.
1492 年 4 17, the two sides signed the approval, the state will end with the navigator's desire to combine together. < br> Columbus, was appointed commander in central were found, can be found in anything from one-tenth of the wealth and merchandise unless special exemption; for the future of this earthly vessel leap for Columbus to dictate one-eighth of its profit. < br> 8 3 May, the Navy awarded the Grand Marshal of the Queen with the meeting of state, Columbus on deck, on the Queen to his three sailing funded the sailing orders issued.
west. then west. sailboat into the heart of the Atlantic.
mandate to depress the troop to leave the land too far because of the panic generated, Columbus secretly modified the meter tools, journal reporting of some of sailing miles. but even so, two months after nought of the fleet went to the brim of collapse remains.
10 10 May, anxiety and anger of the crew said it will continue westbound revolt. heated argue, the Columbus proposals: longer follow the three days, three days afterward to see if it but not the land, the fleet to return.
Interview: Spanish National Distance Education University professor Carlos Speaker. Martinez. Xiao
no doubt he is very sage to do so, because just three days after the rebel, He was disapproved to the mast the mariners shouted: land, is situated in North USA today, the Bahamas, from that day, together fragmented world began.
Although Columbus died thought he reached India, but the fact is nor he arrived in China, but also not India, but Europeans have never known a piece of the New World.
because of misjudgment of Columbus, the indigenous people have a piece of land that they have nothing to do with the name of mm Indians, even today, We also feel as though they were distant relatives in Asia.
off in Columbus this year, the male produced the earliest world, in this world, this situation belongs to the American continent or an sea.
Spain succeeded in the news shocked the whole of Europe. mm10 day 12, was later appointed as the National Day of Spain.
very lukewarm welcoming observance, the Queen Isabel promised Columbus fulfilled all of the material and spiritual awards, Columbus in June were circled by Indians, holding the avenues of chromatic parrots.
triumph, but is not the first to see Columbus Queen Isabel of Spain, but Columbus was rejected King Joao II of Portugal, Columbus was returning First to reach Lisbon, João II, interviewed him specifically.
of uncertainty and a bowl of João II of dry beans used, so that Columbus brought the Indians put on the chart looks like the New World. The game was the geographical so that he secretly wringing: bordering to the maritime powers were before the discovery of who has the right to do future world?
Interview: Sarah Portuguese historian JH
by tile in that era, on the theory that the sea, the sea is not open, people think that the discoverer of the sea belong to it, no mistrust, the Portuguese base it.
after nearly a year of negotiations, June 7, 1494, under the auspices of the Pope in Rome, Lisbon, Portugal and Spain on the suburb of the town signed the treaty: to draw a line in the earth, and then, like the Earth as a melon Chessie two and a half. Portugal took the east, Spain to clutch in the weapon of the Americas.
drawn from this was paintings point of outlook, the bargaining process is intense, but in truth, exactly calculations and does not make many sense, because both the Portuguese or Spanish, and the European continent than just have a mini morsel of contact, no one know exactly how much the planet.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots just Sepulveda. Munoz
this charter in Western Civilization significance of the resulting established the precedent of the colonial powers sculptured up, a trend that later culminated in the Treaty of Berlin, the European countries will sit together around the world are all known and nameless place to be assigned to fashion the model of the world situation today . we can say that the global expansion began in the Western world began to the charter.
rules of the game has been developed, the next thing is to see who was faster deed.
1498 年 5 months, after 4 years of decease in the face, Portuguese navigators reached. Gama led the fleet finally arrived at Calicut in India in Hong Kong, which is seventy years ago, Zheng He, the kingdom of heaven is an ideal place to exhibit.
different and Zheng, Portugal man this brings not merely a friendly saluting, when the Indians asked the purpose of their appearance, the tat. gamma very succinctly replied: almost a century of difficult reconnaissance, the appetite Enrique Prince finally become a reality, the European sailors decades of amassed wisdom and spunk to start into a dazzling wealth.
the face of the success of the Portuguese in the East, Spain again departure.
1519 年 9 20 March, variant snub by the Portuguese navigator Magellan, with five ships and 265 crew members, the first time in human history began sailing around the Earth.
This is undoubtedly an epoch-making feat, its meaning can even leave the Earth to the moon and human than, the difference is when American astronaut Neil. Armstrong carefully taken that tread, he knew that at fewest seven hundred million around the world people are applause for him.
but 450 years ago, Magellan was not so lucky. in the day and night through 1080, 17,000 km scope, the September 5, 1521, in this noble church, around the Earth 18 survivors lit candles hand engine, in this epic voyage of the great chant warriors died, including their captain was annihilated Magellan in the Philippines.
18 盏 candlelight is so feeble, but it is light The process of human civilization is,guangzhou escort!
now displayed in front of Western Europeans, is not a 15 min of a hemisphere, but the whole planet.
earth pivoted, cartographers working hard day and night, still can not satisfy people's claim for modification of the map, the map is not colored in when watery and was cleared, opened up new routes Voyager became the shackles in Europe to control the world.
onslaught in the gunboats , a strategic point of traffic by sea have become a foregone conclusion and Portugal, from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean is the use of more than 50 places, half a world monopoly of the Portuguese magnate paths. In the early 16th century the premier 5 years, Portuguese spice trading volume additional quickly from 220,000 pounds to 230 pounds, became the dominant power in maritime trade.
harvest and Portugal in the East compared to Spain's looting of the American continent more straight.
According to statistics, from 1502 to 1660, Spain from the Americas by 18,600 tons and 200 tons of silver, up up gold, to the late 16th century, the world's gold making, 83% of Spanish personalty.
the expansion period with the Europeans accompanied, whatsoever, are the two important centers of civilization of American Elegy. to 1570, the war came the massacres and epidemics in Europe, so that the population in Mexico fell from 25 million to 265 million, Peru's population from 9,000,000 down to 1,300,000 . America's Native Indians since the drastic cutback in 90%.
Interview: New University of Lisbon, Portugal Professor Antonio. Manuel. España. Osiris door
when Portugal and Spain When the royal household together, that is, Philip I of Portugal or Spain during the dynasty of Philip II, Philip said to the Kingdom of the sun not land, because the territory of the King of Portugal and Spain to approach the whole world, from Mexico to the Philippines, China, India and Africa.
in Europe,beijing massage, the Spanish rule nearly half of the Catholic world; in Asia, it conquered the Philippines; and appearance of the Americas besides Brazil, owned by Spain. Portuguese colonies throughout Africa, Brazil and Central Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean isle routes.
Iberian Peninsula created a fictitious miracle, this marvel will not do, like fairy tales, see the first but not the tail, foggy precarious, do come and gone?
This is the only Madrid a square named after country, the pride of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes mm monument stands impressively in the middle of Cervantes reached each human to touch could not help but want to ride Shou Made Church. Don Quixote and Sancho followed by domestics.
Interview: Spain Gutierrez. Meli more Dean Isidro. Cypriots fair Sepulveda.
Munoz Cervantes has published many books during his lifetime, his plays were also popular works, but he lived a destitute old old, life, he knew celebrity who did not give him enough funding life, so that When he died is still very penniless.
Cervantes's fate reflects the subtle rise and fall of the Iberian Peninsula.
royalty and the powerful support of religious fanaticism, the Iberian eastern peninsula vanquished the sea, way to the world. However, the influx of wealth, favor the tides, almost always accustomed to assist the religious beliefs of the colonist expansion of the combat, but not really permit for the development of industrial and commercial prosperity of the country up . powerful nobles absence to watch the development of commerce and manufacture led to the heave of fashionable forces, they even preposterous to put tens of thousands of aliens engaged in affair, away from their own land was.
Interview: Spain Speaker National University of Distance Education Professor Carlos. Martinez. Xiao
Spain getting used to it, do not invest their own industries, and turned to buying valuable goods abroad, over time, keen fall in domestic industry, meantime the money has depreciated sharply , people are still addicted to expense.
Interview: sometime Chairman of the Portuguese maritime Jordan King Memorial. Magellan
we know thatan creation is probable to alteration because there is no ability to make know the colonial expansion of Portugal and Spain arose in this duration is the ebb because they can not make a alteration.
Rocca angle of the sun slowly sets, and this is the last clue of sunshine Europe.
to 16 half of the century, once had innumerable gold and silver and very powerful state machine of the Iberian Peninsula, the rendition in the world to start the curtain call. water in general and the influx of wealth flow out like water, in counting to elegance social trends, the industry did not leave a decent, mediocre people did not even get decent food, clothes, shelter,.
maybe, indulge in the medieval church brave dreams. Quixote does not understand death, and his shield is a cover of the old world, stabbing his lance is a new world, the end can only be repeated frustration and failure!
history of the world's first drama on the stage ended tragically. The next a, which will be a country, dressing the new world Rays debut to execute it?
】 【Order】
most historians believe that: before and after 1500 was an important watershed in the history of mankind, Since then, human history can be called a true sense of the history of the world. Prior to this, human beings live in isolation from each other but on separate pieces of land, a continent that no one can know exactly , whether the Earth round or square, and almost every piece of land people think they live in the center of the world.
1500 years ago, China is in the Ming Dynasty under the rule. Zheng He's fleet of seven voyages, but not to open up trade, but to promote an ideal emperor. after the death of Zheng, the Chinese figure disappeared in the ocean.
Arab and Indian traders and Europe, Asia, Africa and the continent continues to the business dealings, but the coverage of their activities largely confined to the Indian Ocean.
This was described by Europeans, the world's three continents mm known in Europe, Asia and Africa, respectively, by three Christian kings Other places are not open chaos.
but in the year 1400 after two centuries, European drawings were described by several large land like a growing embryo, and gradually by the fuzzy lumps, evolved into today are familiar with the outward of clearly visible.
It is from that time onwards, fragmented world started together, caused by the geographical discovery of the national competition, opened the inter-linkages of different civilizations, each looking in the meantime fighting against each other and the history of the big screen.
Amazingly, open the shutter of this history of mankind, not while the economic and cultural megalopolis of Europe, but occupies a continent in the southwest corner of the two areas do not mm colossal nation, Portugal and Spain. Five hundred annuals antecedent, they have convert the dominating global hegemony, spheres of influence throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
So, what forces to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in a small marine and thus dominate the world more than a century it?
the set Title: Episode Marine Times
conquered conquered from the beginning. From the 11th century to 11th century AD, two thousand years, incessant war on the Iberian Peninsula, the land has been occupied by Romans, Germanic and Moorish conquest. matador, as one desperate, the people living in this land has never stopped with the intruder struggle, until today, we can still clearly feel as if rooted in the genes that the pursuance of stimulation, adventurous pride.
long two thousand years, tears, pain and sacrifice in exchange for valuable free once and for all .
the year 1143, an independent monarchy, Portugal, in the retrieval of territory in the war came into being, and received papal recognition, which appears on the European continent's first unified nation-state.
Interview: Sarah by the Portuguese historian JH
12 watts and traits 13th century Portugal, it is not a feudal separatism in the country, but the people of the kingdom, the king of Portugal, not only by the nobility, that is, his minister are supported and embraced by the people.
powerful monarchy that the Portuguese have a strong national sense of belonging, but to accomplish prosperity of the country is still a long journey. Portugal, fewer than a million square kilometers of the development of space, resources are very scanty, the east adjoin of the endless war, and continued harassment of a piece of barren land, the independent Kingdom of Portugal after the experience of two centuries later, remains a dangerous, risky.
the lead in establishing the How can the nation-state for how long? powerful kingdom will give it what? Portugal, where the future of the nation? have been people living close the sea-fishing, had set our sights on being called Atlantic.
the ship's monument, in 1960 the Portuguese Government to commemorate the The Way of the British ...
yet not say optimistic overall
A quite long period, Chinese people seem to have forgotten the We should depress the losses occasioned to human nature, but that does not average to respect, to terror. do not understand how to respect, alarm of nature, folk, how can adore, protect nature, how can we do to reduce the losses caused to human nature?
scientists extra people are not scared of anything, not only do not know how to alteration the globe > The question is, can you really understand the nature? nature you really can alter you got?
a group of ants in the far mountains to the hardship crawling, an ant complained: is so small,shenzhen escort, how can we come to that mountain? who can not do! penniless understanding of this.
human comprehension, of lesson thousands of times stronger than the ants, but in the face of the endless universe, human beings are still very small. If you muse that our own point of science and technology to master knowledge of nature can be always mysteries, we will prop the same team of childish ants.
many years, and we win from nature with impunity, never knew moderation. fast forward urbanization, big on infrastructure projects faster, so that the elemental farmland, lakes, forests, grassland turned into one huge construction site, the land of China, the scenery is undergoing the restricted and sterile piece of land. Chinese officials were so eager to establish these mammoth project to construct unparalleled performance, is so acute on the design, planning, erection notion should be, the Government decided not to build anything, but determined not to build everything, remove to land users can do and can not do .100 years ago, in Boston was a town, city decision-makers No large-scale evolution in their land before the advance purchase of great tracts of land outside the town, and legislation to protect the swamp on this land, wasteland, jungle and the Charles River Valley vagina. Now 100 years afterward, the city has been distended several times, the suburb of the old city has become, and the incipient piece of expensive green space, will transform proud of Boston's research upright specialists mention. I have been to the west, via the eye of the Department, mostly sterile ridge, abandon sandstorm. Yinchuan, Urumqi,shenzhen massage, fly the plane, a half hour away, only to look the oasis has to Yinchuan, the emulating is a desert . adjoin told me that numerous of the mountains a few years antecedent there are water, trees, and now all gone. I cautiously peruse this really the case, the mountain is likewise clearly visible traces of water. Lanzhou City Lanzhou hangar 70 km on the road, twice shortage Ridge Mountains are all bald. periodically penetrate a bare tree hill has trees, the locals differentiate me that this is administration money or volunteers planting, trees irrigated every daytime, transmission up the hill, the spend Most of the few trees than that, into a piece of forest is impossible. Inner Mongolia has chance a important agricultural place under the Castle, you know, ah Daqing is the Yin, that poem, Now seeing forward, where there are are either, but no mention optimistic overall,Rogue gunmen,beijing massage, the environment is still in a tread at step, inexorably deteriorating.
in the face of nature, we must learn humility, must know the fear that their own understanding of nature in any case not all . We have no contempt for normal reasons. Nature namely the source of human life namely the final goal of human life. We integrated in nature, ownership and nature. the true spirit of science will never be the fear of exclusion of the spirit of nature , and the fear of nature will never be a barrier to browse the mysteries of nature.
persons can adapt and defend ecology. anyone disdain, omit of nature, regardless of the capability of nature, the blind pursuit of growth,beijing escort, resulting in indiscriminate doings of havoc of nature, nature will no escape punishment, no material how noble the reasons you how gorgeous the theory are not exception.
the natural context has been artificially destroyed, no matter if melancholy, apologize worth mentioning, indifferent matter whether , have been seriously polluted air is sucked into a little bit of discoloration of the lungs that we have, land desertification at one anniversary rate of a medium-county force us to. Now people can do the best entity is to Do not proceed to break nature, or the slow destruction of it. In addition, we can do naught, waiting for nature, the punishment can only be static.
merely I still would favor apt cry what we have scientists, as well as officials, the first stop as a while now, like a agreeable migrate on. because that your daring nature in at you.
scientists extra people are not scared of anything, not only do not know how to alteration the globe > The question is, can you really understand the nature? nature you really can alter you got?
a group of ants in the far mountains to the hardship crawling, an ant complained: is so small,shenzhen escort, how can we come to that mountain? who can not do! penniless understanding of this.
human comprehension, of lesson thousands of times stronger than the ants, but in the face of the endless universe, human beings are still very small. If you muse that our own point of science and technology to master knowledge of nature can be always mysteries, we will prop the same team of childish ants.
many years, and we win from nature with impunity, never knew moderation. fast forward urbanization, big on infrastructure projects faster, so that the elemental farmland, lakes, forests, grassland turned into one huge construction site, the land of China, the scenery is undergoing the restricted and sterile piece of land. Chinese officials were so eager to establish these mammoth project to construct unparalleled performance, is so acute on the design, planning, erection notion should be, the Government decided not to build anything, but determined not to build everything, remove to land users can do and can not do .100 years ago, in Boston was a town, city decision-makers No large-scale evolution in their land before the advance purchase of great tracts of land outside the town, and legislation to protect the swamp on this land, wasteland, jungle and the Charles River Valley vagina. Now 100 years afterward, the city has been distended several times, the suburb of the old city has become, and the incipient piece of expensive green space, will transform proud of Boston's research upright specialists mention. I have been to the west, via the eye of the Department, mostly sterile ridge, abandon sandstorm. Yinchuan, Urumqi,shenzhen massage, fly the plane, a half hour away, only to look the oasis has to Yinchuan, the emulating is a desert . adjoin told me that numerous of the mountains a few years antecedent there are water, trees, and now all gone. I cautiously peruse this really the case, the mountain is likewise clearly visible traces of water. Lanzhou City Lanzhou hangar 70 km on the road, twice shortage Ridge Mountains are all bald. periodically penetrate a bare tree hill has trees, the locals differentiate me that this is administration money or volunteers planting, trees irrigated every daytime, transmission up the hill, the spend Most of the few trees than that, into a piece of forest is impossible. Inner Mongolia has chance a important agricultural place under the Castle, you know, ah Daqing is the Yin, that poem, Now seeing forward, where there are are either, but no mention optimistic overall,Rogue gunmen,beijing massage, the environment is still in a tread at step, inexorably deteriorating.
in the face of nature, we must learn humility, must know the fear that their own understanding of nature in any case not all . We have no contempt for normal reasons. Nature namely the source of human life namely the final goal of human life. We integrated in nature, ownership and nature. the true spirit of science will never be the fear of exclusion of the spirit of nature , and the fear of nature will never be a barrier to browse the mysteries of nature.
persons can adapt and defend ecology. anyone disdain, omit of nature, regardless of the capability of nature, the blind pursuit of growth,beijing escort, resulting in indiscriminate doings of havoc of nature, nature will no escape punishment, no material how noble the reasons you how gorgeous the theory are not exception.
the natural context has been artificially destroyed, no matter if melancholy, apologize worth mentioning, indifferent matter whether , have been seriously polluted air is sucked into a little bit of discoloration of the lungs that we have, land desertification at one anniversary rate of a medium-county force us to. Now people can do the best entity is to Do not proceed to break nature, or the slow destruction of it. In addition, we can do naught, waiting for nature, the punishment can only be static.
merely I still would favor apt cry what we have scientists, as well as officials, the first stop as a while now, like a agreeable migrate on. because that your daring nature in at you.
changes in the mart by anybody period
Support level : 1342/1340/1338/1335/1332/1330 ,beijing massage
resistance : 1348/1350/1352/1355/1360/1365
02.07 backtesting 1340/1338 market today ,beijing escort, with a stop $ 3 .1360 / 1365 empty, effectively stop always stop playing 1365 .
changes in the mart at any time ,guangzhou massage, and the costs are all in fluctuation. For real-time shriek a single service,shenzhen escort,6 月 26 Day International Day Against Drug Abuse, or open one list amuse adjoin me .
QQ: 5315 9774
QQ group : 8109 1227
Tel : 136 7316 7436
resistance : 1348/1350/1352/1355/1360/1365
02.07 backtesting 1340/1338 market today ,beijing escort, with a stop $ 3 .1360 / 1365 empty, effectively stop always stop playing 1365 .
changes in the mart at any time ,guangzhou massage, and the costs are all in fluctuation. For real-time shriek a single service,shenzhen escort,6 月 26 Day International Day Against Drug Abuse, or open one list amuse adjoin me .
QQ: 5315 9774
QQ group : 8109 1227
Tel : 136 7316 7436
firm it fills a shake full of glue .
1, man child, trouble to see, you're in my cell phone signal out.
2, I really envy you, ah, so small there is such a successful father.
3, whoops, you are so busy individually to the lavatory ah?
4, you fatuous always creative.
5, came to this world, I did not propose to go back alive!
6, kid, people stupid is final ah !
7, since had neurotic, the morale of the people more.
8, not because we were a holiday, you put me as the partition is too.
9, my people do not know music, so From period to fly, rather than the migrate period.
10, Oh ~ it'd be one not creature shaped, even the headaches are prejudiced.
11, cough! should say that, not to say mumbled.
12, I want to grow old with you not scrupulous ah.
13, if you can not stomach me, that is not your mind is too lessen, that is my personality is too large.
14, you say you, not diploma also learn hideous, not smart they likewise study bald top,guangzhou massage!
15, you see you, see the behind of disturbed mighty army, rotated to frighten millions of lion.
16, I was a whim, to use your photos because your microcomputer desktop, I depend aboard, actually in a microcomputer virus,shanghai massage!
17, give me 1 of your Match Friends psalming, family to defense off malign spirits with.
18, as a failure The typical reverse really too successful!
19, my broken heart, like dumpling filling with either hands out.
20, Tulv, would dare Pindao pillage Shi Tai!
21 , I girl is a petticoat wanderers.
22, life is like Super Girl, came apt the last male are pure babies.
23, I was die, something burning paper. mini things came in huge gravedigger. really want to I am, down with me. In the accident of line, pure Evil Dead!
24, you go out, Qianshan birds must, million tracks were off trace.
25, your teeth like the stars, shine color, a far cry.
26, the world of big, big chip missing, but your eye.
27, long time no one to boastful so delightful.
28, you gave me roll, non-stop rolling!
29, do not push me,shanghai escort, or my great up and got out of hand.
30, you actually say he pure? Look at your eyes for a track of turbidity.
31 , the juvenile calculate? who did not was young? you always have it? really the.
32, do not migrate! full of water you left head, right brain full of flour, nailed it fills a move full of paste .
33, work is also a cumbersome heart than Shangfen.
34, not to mention my proud, I just refuse to handle with the animal.
35, an vacant brain does not stuff,using a effect win-win. This namely favor a savage predator, the key not to water.
36, defend yourself, love others, do not bring an end to ... by night macabre.
37, my heart is small, but not incomplete; my good-natured, but it did.
38, is the distinction among man and pig: Pig has been a pig , and sometimes not the people.
39, others have their backdrop, and I merely have my back.
40, to see me then you will find: the elemental tin be so characteristic handsome ah!
41, problems and more to ascertain the reasons from their own, do not reprove the Earth TM is not a gravitational constipation.
42, is over, you are not speaking to me, I became a dog and quit it.
43, the ideal is full , the reality is very skinny.
44, the sun it all right, maybe tan nobody said you simpleton.
45, do not speak to me about ideal, leave.
46 not well filled, how can exertion to cut down ah.
47, a low-key! B is the maximum cattle to show off.
48, your hand, know the Zaichou, burst into tears, the child does not go I hiked.
49, even cook your feces will have encountered beetles that day. so no need for you is bull feces frustrated.
50, if you flowers, cattle are not lashi the.
51, living happy point because we will die for a long time.
52, not at my grave and call, sordid way I cycle.
53, I am nostalgic, for I do not see into the future.
54, is not afraid to nectar dichlorvos, afraid of beginning the cover award, a decanter anew.
55, the menial surface, cover the internal metamorphosis.
56, take it cozy, I'm not a agreeable person .
57, I want the whole world kas long asI am low-key.
58, is good people work hungry, I ate ribs do not bia ji mouth.
59, ambition be paid salary than the consider , well, not live.
60, you, I do not trust even the punctuation.
61, think about it, or kindergartens good merge.
62, you say, you want to dead Or want to live?
63, from paradise to hell, sibling just passing through world.
64, we two talk about emotions ah! talk about sensibilities hurt money!
65, excessive lust, Serra surplus.
66, to see why my signature, do not you want to plot opposition me?
67, my premier kiss was not anyone of the ... ...
68, United States, so cow B, the eastern Games so long, did not see it obtain a award,shanghai escort!
69, I give you my call digit, how come you do not know what I was preoccupied it! someone always right to dictate hundreds of greenbacks I spent.
70, do not ask me Lei Feng, I'm ruddy scarf!
71, wow! you reveal the dogleg at the man!
72, I absence you, you ought instantly seem; I do not need you, you must wait I need you .
73, practicing martial masterpieces fknow next to nothing of many years, until today, I finally had the chance of this disgraceful conspicuous!
74, namely people are truly insolent, do no all talk to me in class.
75, Costa Rica even though it was not very good but this burned hand drinking water is still very fragrant!
76, the girl, you wear so smart, does in this globe are disappointed?
77, strangers really know distress, they must reiterate a lie.
78, only one earth, so we must love the earth; there is only one me, so you must love me!
79, Wolf's article tells us, was cheated double, the third time we must believe him.
80, you promenade down the avenue holding a pig, very merry. I ambitioned to rinse you, yet said: with whom to see him. - untruthful! The next daytime, asking you whether you pig, you say that the smooth was painful - not meek! third daytime, to ask you is not a pig, you do not mention, was Kuangbian - is still so mad pig!
82, the day on the road met a ghost, was I Kuangbian, end, said: night, you were going remote locations in the hills, suddenly a flash of speedy, split in your head. Then, from the sky came a far voice: Haha, are the classical liners, whereas a bit old, but still charming as ever. laboriously arranged out, the rich attempting of a money mart, money's holding private site! I heart you looked impair it!
2, I really envy you, ah, so small there is such a successful father.
3, whoops, you are so busy individually to the lavatory ah?
4, you fatuous always creative.
5, came to this world, I did not propose to go back alive!
6, kid, people stupid is final ah !
7, since had neurotic, the morale of the people more.
8, not because we were a holiday, you put me as the partition is too.
9, my people do not know music, so From period to fly, rather than the migrate period.
10, Oh ~ it'd be one not creature shaped, even the headaches are prejudiced.
11, cough! should say that, not to say mumbled.
12, I want to grow old with you not scrupulous ah.
13, if you can not stomach me, that is not your mind is too lessen, that is my personality is too large.
14, you say you, not diploma also learn hideous, not smart they likewise study bald top,guangzhou massage!
15, you see you, see the behind of disturbed mighty army, rotated to frighten millions of lion.
16, I was a whim, to use your photos because your microcomputer desktop, I depend aboard, actually in a microcomputer virus,shanghai massage!
17, give me 1 of your Match Friends psalming, family to defense off malign spirits with.
18, as a failure The typical reverse really too successful!
19, my broken heart, like dumpling filling with either hands out.
20, Tulv, would dare Pindao pillage Shi Tai!
21 , I girl is a petticoat wanderers.
22, life is like Super Girl, came apt the last male are pure babies.
23, I was die, something burning paper. mini things came in huge gravedigger. really want to I am, down with me. In the accident of line, pure Evil Dead!
24, you go out, Qianshan birds must, million tracks were off trace.
25, your teeth like the stars, shine color, a far cry.
26, the world of big, big chip missing, but your eye.
27, long time no one to boastful so delightful.
28, you gave me roll, non-stop rolling!
29, do not push me,shanghai escort, or my great up and got out of hand.
30, you actually say he pure? Look at your eyes for a track of turbidity.
31 , the juvenile calculate? who did not was young? you always have it? really the.
32, do not migrate! full of water you left head, right brain full of flour, nailed it fills a move full of paste .
33, work is also a cumbersome heart than Shangfen.
34, not to mention my proud, I just refuse to handle with the animal.
35, an vacant brain does not stuff,using a effect win-win. This namely favor a savage predator, the key not to water.
36, defend yourself, love others, do not bring an end to ... by night macabre.
37, my heart is small, but not incomplete; my good-natured, but it did.
38, is the distinction among man and pig: Pig has been a pig , and sometimes not the people.
39, others have their backdrop, and I merely have my back.
40, to see me then you will find: the elemental tin be so characteristic handsome ah!
41, problems and more to ascertain the reasons from their own, do not reprove the Earth TM is not a gravitational constipation.
42, is over, you are not speaking to me, I became a dog and quit it.
43, the ideal is full , the reality is very skinny.
44, the sun it all right, maybe tan nobody said you simpleton.
45, do not speak to me about ideal, leave.
46 not well filled, how can exertion to cut down ah.
47, a low-key! B is the maximum cattle to show off.
48, your hand, know the Zaichou, burst into tears, the child does not go I hiked.
49, even cook your feces will have encountered beetles that day. so no need for you is bull feces frustrated.
50, if you flowers, cattle are not lashi the.
51, living happy point because we will die for a long time.
52, not at my grave and call, sordid way I cycle.
53, I am nostalgic, for I do not see into the future.
54, is not afraid to nectar dichlorvos, afraid of beginning the cover award, a decanter anew.
55, the menial surface, cover the internal metamorphosis.
56, take it cozy, I'm not a agreeable person .
57, I want the whole world kas long asI am low-key.
58, is good people work hungry, I ate ribs do not bia ji mouth.
59, ambition be paid salary than the consider , well, not live.
60, you, I do not trust even the punctuation.
61, think about it, or kindergartens good merge.
62, you say, you want to dead Or want to live?
63, from paradise to hell, sibling just passing through world.
64, we two talk about emotions ah! talk about sensibilities hurt money!
65, excessive lust, Serra surplus.
66, to see why my signature, do not you want to plot opposition me?
67, my premier kiss was not anyone of the ... ...
68, United States, so cow B, the eastern Games so long, did not see it obtain a award,shanghai escort!
69, I give you my call digit, how come you do not know what I was preoccupied it! someone always right to dictate hundreds of greenbacks I spent.
70, do not ask me Lei Feng, I'm ruddy scarf!
71, wow! you reveal the dogleg at the man!
72, I absence you, you ought instantly seem; I do not need you, you must wait I need you .
73, practicing martial masterpieces fknow next to nothing of many years, until today, I finally had the chance of this disgraceful conspicuous!
74, namely people are truly insolent, do no all talk to me in class.
75, Costa Rica even though it was not very good but this burned hand drinking water is still very fragrant!
76, the girl, you wear so smart, does in this globe are disappointed?
77, strangers really know distress, they must reiterate a lie.
78, only one earth, so we must love the earth; there is only one me, so you must love me!
79, Wolf's article tells us, was cheated double, the third time we must believe him.
80, you promenade down the avenue holding a pig, very merry. I ambitioned to rinse you, yet said: with whom to see him. - untruthful! The next daytime, asking you whether you pig, you say that the smooth was painful - not meek! third daytime, to ask you is not a pig, you do not mention, was Kuangbian - is still so mad pig!
82, the day on the road met a ghost, was I Kuangbian, end, said: night, you were going remote locations in the hills, suddenly a flash of speedy, split in your head. Then, from the sky came a far voice: Haha, are the classical liners, whereas a bit old, but still charming as ever. laboriously arranged out, the rich attempting of a money mart, money's holding private site! I heart you looked impair it!
how ambition my eyes discern merely namely it .
The weather is getting cold . As if overnight,beijing massage, the leaves fall the ground. dry , dusty ventilation . constantly think of that city. a magnificent wind. neat and chilly. meditation behind to ray ray Results per bath Hair full of nuggets . accustomed each night to fall comatose hearing to the whistling of the wind . There are always lets folk with not thoughts of grief .
has been an feelingful person. night off the call did not stop the tears suddenly Live. eyes closed drowsily meantime sleeping in the elapse. imagine to attend the wedding of the princess of a small country . to ascend a soak scarp to approach the palace. was quite afraid to give up. But to work to the marriage scene of the legend may be Happiness and good luck. uh. That is my desire. regardless of entire began to climb . get up up emotion even afterward the alarm. but I still arrived at the scene. :) I do live happily ever after .
brush When my mom denounced my teeth aboard a lotus foliage raiment . She all said I grow up. She forever wanted me to mature up and do a Someone else. Frustration always absence to give up. do no like the solitary,shanghai escort, always need a lot of concern and love approximately . However,I jotted drugs and stray cats, the idea and negative thoughts will never be cheerful. So I always said to myself Tell yourself extra good than bad . has been blind optimism . holding the wishes and,shenzhen massage, I thought I could discern the faultless merry ending. is always a tragedy by the end of the last to know . Oh . I always presumptuous . the world so Great ,shanghai massage, how will my eyes see only namely it .
However, the day still has to go always. then reserve it . do give a sense of security that people can depend on the people . Come !
has been an feelingful person. night off the call did not stop the tears suddenly Live. eyes closed drowsily meantime sleeping in the elapse. imagine to attend the wedding of the princess of a small country . to ascend a soak scarp to approach the palace. was quite afraid to give up. But to work to the marriage scene of the legend may be Happiness and good luck. uh. That is my desire. regardless of entire began to climb . get up up emotion even afterward the alarm. but I still arrived at the scene. :) I do live happily ever after .
brush When my mom denounced my teeth aboard a lotus foliage raiment . She all said I grow up. She forever wanted me to mature up and do a Someone else. Frustration always absence to give up. do no like the solitary,shanghai escort, always need a lot of concern and love approximately . However,I jotted drugs and stray cats, the idea and negative thoughts will never be cheerful. So I always said to myself Tell yourself extra good than bad . has been blind optimism . holding the wishes and,shenzhen massage, I thought I could discern the faultless merry ending. is always a tragedy by the end of the last to know . Oh . I always presumptuous . the world so Great ,shanghai massage, how will my eyes see only namely it .
However, the day still has to go always. then reserve it . do give a sense of security that people can depend on the people . Come !
maybe also cozy apt make money I had
Always busy final two days , suddenly quite amused in making money . do not have period apt discipline, no eating well,beijing massage, nap is not agreeable ,a bbs actuator,shanghai escort! now the maximum wanted was apt work to agreeable shopping,shanghai escort, the Valentine's Day or a mall , can influence the mood namely day for angry , are not skillful to visit enough! yet now does a very full,shanghai massage, maybe also cozy to make money I had , however it is now quite easy , why do I live above So dodge it ?
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)